Review outline from Final Exam -- Astronomy 201 :: Sullivan, Winter 1991

	Instructions:  This worksheet is designed for you to fill out
on your own or with a group of your classmates.  Listed here are all
of the major topics and subtopics covered during the term.  You should
WRITE DOWN the relevant information for all of these topics in order to
help you study for the final exam.  If you or your classmates can't find
the answers for some of these topics, ask your TA for help!  All of
this information may seem a little overwhelming at first, but if
you work through it methodically, you should be well prepared for
the final.  Good luck!

I. Cosmology
	A. Hubble's Law
		1.  Recession velocity is proportional to distance (v = Hd)
		2.  Highway universe example
		3.  Hubble constant -- typical value & how to calculate
			a. Units
			b. H vs. age of the Universe
		4.  Age of the Universe -- typical value & how to calculate
	B. Newton's Paradox
	C. Olbers' Paradox and its resolution
	D. Principles
		1. Copernican (Cosmological) Principle
		2. Perfect Cosmological Principle
		3. Occam's Razor
	E. Scientific vs "ad hoc" models
	F. Geometry - models of the Universe
		1. Critical density vs type of Universe
		2. Properties of a closed Universe
		3. Properties of a flat Universe
		4. Properties of an open Universe
		5. The steady-state model
		6. Geodesic - definition
	G. Microwave Background Radiation
		1. Temperature of the Universe
		2. Properties of the MBR and what they imply about the U
		3. Wien's Law
	H. Relativity
		1. Elevator example (gravitational and inertial equivalence)
		2. Effects on light (curved space-time)
	I. The scale factor, R
		1. How R relates to matter density
		2. How R relates to energy (temperature)
		3. How R relates to energy density
	J. History of the early Universe
		1. The time-line handout 
			a. Decoupling of the four forces (ordering)
			b. Time frame of radiation, matter, life eras
			c. Other important times
		2. Inflation
		3. Primordial nucleosynthesis (creation of first atoms)
			a. Amounts of H and He present
			b. Heavier elements
	K. Eschatology and potential future problems for life
		1. Proton decay
		2. Second law of Thermodynamics

II. Galaxies
	A. Properties of galaxies
		1. When they probably formed and how they are distributed
		2. Properties of spiral galaxies
		3. Properties of elliptical galaxies
	B. The galaxy-counting lab
		1. Why does apparent distribution of galaxies and stars
		   differ from what the Cosmological Principle predicts?
		2. General shape of galaxies and where the Sun resides

III. Stars and stellar evolution
	A. Energy source for stars
		1. Gravitational - thermal balance
		2. Mass - luminosity relation
		3. Lifetime of the Sun compared with heavier or lighter stars
		   (mass - lifetime relation)
	B. Sequence of stellar evolution (low mass stars)
		1. Protostars
		2. Main sequence stars
		3. Red giants
		4. White dwarfs
	C. Supernovae
		1. Typical lower limit for stars to go supernovae
		2. Enrichment of inter-stellar medium and stars (metals)
			a. How the Sun's composition differs from that
			   of the early Universe and why.
			b. How the Earth's composition differes from that
			   of the Sun and why.
		3. The role of iron

IV. The solar system
	A. Age of the solar system
		1. Radioactive dating
			a. Half life
			b. Examples from lab and quiz
		2. Age of the Sun
	B. Properties of some of the planets
		1. Mercury
		2. Venus
			a. Greenhouse effect (composition of atmosphere)
			b. How it compares to Earth
		3. Earth
			a. Greenhouse effect and atmosphere
			b. Life's effects on the Earth
			c. The Carbon cycle
		4. Mars
			a. Atmosphere, "canals", polar caps
			b. How it compares to Earth
		5. Jupiter
	C. The greenhouse effect
		1. Description
		2. Examples of greenhouse gases

V. Life
	A. Different theories on the origin of life
		1. Creationism
		2. Hoyle's theory of Panspermia
	B. Characteristics of life (scientific definition)
	C. Carbon
		1. Properties of Carbon
		2. Properties of Silicon
	D. Five classes of compounds shared by all life and the role of each
		1. Properties of DNA
		2. Importance of membranes
	E. Conditions required for life to develop
		1. How essential elements perhaps are concentrated
		2. Important features of the Earth and atmosphere
	F. History of the early Earth
		1. Composition of atmosphere, primordial and later
		2. Energy sources that could have been used by life
		3. Source of Oxygen
		4. Source of water
		5. Miller-Urey experiment
		6. Mass extinctions and evidence
	G. Evolution
		1. Darwin's four observations
		2. The two key principles
		3. Calculating simple probabilities
	H. Hominids (questions from the films)
		1. Where did man first originate?
		2. What were some factors that contributed to man's evolution?
		3. Why did man spread from there?
		4. What encouraged man to settle down?
		5. Why is communication so important?
		6. Characterisitcs of man

VI. SETI (The Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence)
	A. Basic problems SETI must overcome
	B. Possible methods of communication
	C. Drake equation and its components
	D. Where to look and what to look for